Spin heat accumulation and its relaxation in spin valves

We study the concept of spin heat accumulation in excited spin valves, more precisely the effective electron temperature that may become spin dependent, both in linear response and far from equilibrium. A temperature or voltage gradient create non-equilibrium energy distributions of the two spin ensembles in the normal metal spacer, which approach Fermi-Dirac functions through energy relaxation mediated by electron-electron and electron-phonon coupling. Both mechanisms also exchange energy between the spin subsystems. This inter-spin energy exchange may strongly affect thermoelectric properties spin valves, leading, e.g., to violations of the Wiedemann-Franz law.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures, close to published versio

Development of outdoor thermal comfort model for tourists in urban historical areas; A case study in Isfahan

The present study intended to evaluate thermal comfort conditions in microclimates of the urban historical areas of Isfahan, Iran during a heatwave. The thermal comfort conditions of different historical sites were compared during the daylight hours to determine the best time to visit each historical site. Using the results of this study, tourists can select the best timeframe with appropriate thermal conditions to visit the historical sites of Isfahan. Along with performing field measurements in the intended historical sites, a questionnaire was used to determine the thermal comfort range of tourists. ENVI-met is used in order to properly simulate the outdoor thermal environment of the historical touristic areas in Isfahan during the hottest as well as the most touristic month of the year. The results of questionnaire and simulations are compared with each other. It was shown that three historical sites with higher thermal stress experience an unpleasant thermal condition. The results of questionnaire show that the comfort range of tourists is within 23.06–29.73 °C PET. The thermal conditions of Si-o-Se Pol, Hasht Behesht and Naqsh-e-Jahan are within the thermal comfort range at 19,20 and 21 p.m. respectively. During the daytime, thermal comfort conditions varied from 4.9 °C PET at 8 a.m. to 8.1 °C PET at 3 p.m. Early morning hours were the most comfortable time to visit the historical sites of Menar-e-Jonban, Masjed-e-Jame and Vank Cathedral in Isfahan. During the peak hours of heat, the priority of thermal comfort goes to Masjed-e-Jame, Menar-e-Jonban and Si-o-Se Pol, respectively

System Reliability Evaluation Using Concurrent Multi-Level Simulation of Structural Faults

This paper provides a methodology that leverages state-of-the-art techniques for efficient fault simulation of structural faults together with transaction level modeling. This way it is possible to accurately evaluate the impact of the faults on the entire hardware/software syste

Efficient Simulation of Structural Faults for the Reliability Evaluation at System-Level

In recent technology nodes, reliability is considered a part of the standard design ¿ow at all levels of embedded system design. While techniques that use only low-level models at gate- and register transfer-level offer high accuracy, they are too inefficient to consider the overall application of the embedded system. Multi-level models with high abstraction are essential to efficiently evaluate the impact of physical defects on the system. This paper provides a methodology that leverages state-of-the-art techniques for efficient fault simulation of structural faults together with transaction-level modeling. This way it is possible to accurately evaluate the impact of the faults on the entire hardware/software system. A case study of a system consisting of hardware and software for image compression and data encryption is presented and the method is compared to a standard gate/RT mixed-level approac

Conductance of bilayer graphene in the presence of a magnetic field: Effects of disorder

We investigate the electronic transport properties of unbiased and biased bilayer graphene nanoribbon in n-p and n-n junctions subject to a perpendicular magnetic field. Using the non-equilibrium Green's function method and the Landauer-B\"{u}ttiker formalism, the conductance is studied for the cases of clean, on-site, and edge disordered bilayer graphene. We show that the lowest Hall plateau remains unchanged in the presence of disorder, whereas asymmetry destroys both the plateaus and conductance quantization. In addition, we show that disorder induces an enhancement of the conductance in the n-p region in the presence of magnetic fields. Finally, we show that the equilibration of quantum Hall edge states between distinctively doped regions causes Hall plateaus to appear in the regime of complete mode mixing.Comment: 8 pages, 7 figures. Accepted to Phys. Rev.

Age, growth and reproduction of Chondrostoma regium (Heckel, 1843) from the Zayandeh Roud River, Iran

Age, growth and reproduction were investigated for Chondrostoma regium, collected monthly (November 2007- August 2008) from the Dimeh Spring region, Zayandeh Roud River, Iran. The maximum age of collected female and male fish were estimated based on scale increments as five and four years respectively. Von Bertalanffy growth equations were calculated as Lt=246[1-e^-0.206(t-0.034)], Wt=163.29[1-e^-0.206(t-0.034)]^2.77 for females and Lt=253.1[1-e^-0.206(t-0.175)], Wt=188.25[1-e^-0.206(t-0.175)]^2.99 for males. Size ranges of the male and female specimens were almost similar. The fork length range for females was 10.5-18.0 cm and 10.7-19.7 cm for males; and the weight range was 15.7-85.4 g in females, and 14.5-88.5 g in males. The female-male ratio was 1.8:1 (p<0.05), and for both sexes gonadal development and sexual maturity occurred in the second year of their life. Length-weight relationships revealed isometric growth pattern for males and a negative allometric growth for females. Monthly data of Gonadosomatic Index, and ovary condition suggested that spawning occurred during May and June. The mean absolute and relative fecundity was calculated as 2429±1512 (eggs/female) and 78.1±18.7 (egg/g), respectively, and fecundity was significantly correlated with both body weight (r^2=0.90) and fork length (r^2=0.84)

Prevalence of Hepatitis B virus, Hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus infections among patients candidate for orthopedic trauma surgeries

Background: Infectious diseases are major public health problems, among which blood-borne ones are the most important infections. Patients who undergo orthopedic surgery are at higher risk of transmitting infectious diseases from and to others, due to repeated blood examinations and injection, drains secretion and receiving blood products. Accordingly, in this study we determined prevalence of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infections in patients who underwent surgery in a general training hospital. Methods: In this cross-sectional study the prevalence of HBV, HCV, and HIV infections was determined among 320 patients under orthopedic trauma surgeries in a general training hospital in Tehran, Iran from 2009 to 2011. Associations of these rates with age, gender, marital status, residence location, substance abuse history, hospital admission history, previous surgery, blood transfusion, dentistry procedures, and previous medical history were also assessed. Results: A total of 320 patients (290 male, 30 female) were studied. Ten patients (3.2) had at least one of these three infections. Totally 10 patients (3.2), 2 subjects (0.6), and 8 patients (2.5) had HCV, HIV, and HBV infections, respectively. None of the evaluated variables had significant relationship with HCV, HBV, and HIV infections (p > 0.05). Conclusion: According to the obtained results, routine use of diagnostic tests for infectious disease such as HIV and viral hepatitis is recommended and should be considered before orthopedic operations

Risk of superior gluteal nerve injury after using ante-grade femoral nailing

Antegrade intramedullary femoral nailing (AIFN) is used as the preferred treatment for diaphyseal and subtrochanteric femur fractures. Nevertheless, clinically important complications associated with obtaining nail entry including loss of hip abductor strength, chronic hip pain, heterotopic ossification and femoral head osteonecrosis have been previously shown.This study was aimed to evaluate the risk of injury to the superior gluteal nerve when Ante-grade femoral nailing is used for insertion. In current study, 25 patients with femoral shaft fractures were included in this study that 21 were male with an average age of 25.40 years, Also 4 cases were female with an average age of 28.20 years. The patients were between the ages of 93 to 05 years. EMG-MCV was taken from all patients and were reported by neurologist. Plain radiographs were taken from all patients. Pain intensity of patients in the last month were identified from 4 to 944 according to the patients statements. The frequency of patients with subjective lameness separately with or no signs was determined. In terms of the pain score, its average among all patients was calculated to be 4.92, while the average of 4.75 among men was calculated. Among women, the average was 5.60. All patients had a mean duration of 3.64 months for using crutches, that the average duration of 3.80 months for men and 3 months for women were calculated.In terms of subjective limping, 15 patients (60) complained from limping, while 10 people were not affected (40 ), of which, 12 patients (80) was belonged to men group and 3 patients (20) were assigned in women group. 5 patients were diagnosed with atrophy of gluteus medius and gluteus minimus muscles that, 3 patients were male (60) and 2 cases (40) were women respectively. EMG-NCV indicated that the Superior gluteal nerve injury had occurred in 2 patients (8) and myogenic damage of gluteus medius and gluteus minimus muscles in 5 patients (20). Our study indicated that the superior gluteal nerve injury had occurred in 2 8 of patients and myogenic damage of gluteus medius and gluteus minimus muscles in 20